Cubist movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cubist movement - Essay Example This â€Å"something that can be conceived but not seen nor made visible† is often referred to as the sublime, a quality of transcendent greatness â€Å"with which nothing else can be compared and which is beyond all possibility of calculation, measurement or imitation† (Wikipedia, 2006). The presence of this sublime element, then, inspires the imagination in a specific direction based on which elements remain visible or understandable. Its significance is in the way in which it brings attention to the uncertainty of meaning inherent in the work, such that no resolution makes itself apparent. For artists of this period, the best way to achieve this sublime element was to forget the training they received in art school in order to recapture the sense of wonder and imagination reflected in art produced by children through the use of ‘primitive’ geometric forms. To understand how the sublime can be communicated through visual art, the work of cubist master Pab lo Picasso will be discussed in terms of materials, subject matter, content, composition, color and impacts of context or the time period in which they were produced. The cubist movement is now widely recognized as an early phase of the avant-garde. Author Peter Wollen recognized it in 1975 as a means of breaking the boundaries of traditional signifiers and make reference instead to the relationship between the signifier and the signified (Wollen, 1975). As this idea expanded, the traditional approach to art of making reference to an established set of symbols was further broken down and explored through abstraction and minimalism. The ultimate breaking down of this was the examination of how the art medium was able to communicate a world of transition and change, reality and illusion within the very context of its delivery. â€Å"What soon emerged as the dominant strand was

Art And Social Protest During The Vietnam War Research Paper

Art And Social Protest During The Vietnam War - Research Paper Example Many participants of these artworks have different ways to demonstrate and pass their message to the targeted people and empower them on different aspects. During war times, people use artwork to demonstrate the suffering of other people which they undergo and this helps in easing of the situation or more help coming to the people in need. Most paintings may reference a certain War event but it serves for any War and artist aim for generic use and information when making these artworks. Pablo Picasso’s artwork, named after a city in Spain that was a target of terror bomb during the Civil War in Spain. This painting demonstrated the kind of suffering it puts individuals and at most, the innocent people the fame of this art reminds of war tragedies with the symbolization of anti-war and peace. The spread of the artwork throughout the world brought the Spanish War to the attention of the whole world. Picasso never wanted the painting to reach Spain until democracy and liberty for med, this saw the painting put under a high security with a bomb and bulletproof screens for security purposes. This shows the importance of the painting in the fight against the war. The meanings of Picasso’s painting vary according to the interpretation provided. Throughout Picasso’s career, he used the bull and a horse to symbolize different roles since the two are important characters in the Spanish culture. Many victims are visible with some alive and others dead which remains as a historical reminder of the times of war.  ... This shows the importance of the painting in the fight against war (Matthew 49). The meanings of Picasso’s painting vary according to the interpretation provided. Throughout Picasso’s career, he used the bull and a horse to symbolize different roles since the two are important characters in the Spanish culture. In the sculpture, many victims are visible with some alive and others dead which remains as a historical reminder of the times of war. Chaos by the European political unpredictability is visible in the composition of the Picasso’s painting. The color in the Guernica is black which mostly symbolizes death. Other artists during the time of Picasso who influenced the artwork of anti-war, or the like of Franisco de Goya not only did the artwork on war but also in a bullfight. The whole scene takes place within a room with one open end and a bull over a woman mourning for a dead child and some other hidden images. A light bulb to represent the sun and a broken sword to represent defeat are visible in the painting by Picasso known as Guernica (Shabi 12). Schneemann held a performance â€Å"snows† to protest the famous Vietnam War with a focus in values on flesh and this brought new fraught in politics. Schneemann participated in the New York City festival during the week of Angry Arts, which involved many performances and events from many artists in protest of the famous war. Her presentation shows the ambivalence of emotionally charged photos, which suggests uncertainty in the information overlaid and passing strategy. She also uses a film that she demonstrates the misuse of people in wars and the results of war. These artworks show that Schneemann was among the protestors

Miss Brill Essay Example for Free

Miss Brill Essay In Katherine Mansfield’s short story â€Å"Miss Brill,† Mansfield describes Miss Brill as a woman who is in deep denial of her situation. Miss Brill is an elderly woman who is not aware of the distress in her life; because she doesn’t want to face the reality of getting old. Miss Brill shows the personality of a woman who is vain, detached, and over sensitive as she goes through her specific Sunday in the park wearing her favorite â€Å"Dear little thing† fur (65). Because Miss Brill struggles to admit the reality of getting old, her vanity makes her thinks she’s a special person and an actress in the play. Miss Brill believes she has a â€Å"special seat† (65) in Jardin’s Publiques the park where she sits every time. This particular Sunday afternoon is quite special for Miss Brill, because she has taken out her favourite fur from the box. Her â€Å"little rogue† (65) is like a pet â€Å"biting its tail just by her left ear† (65), and she imagines it as her companion. As Miss Brill goes through her day on watching and listening other people in the park she thought, â€Å"She had become really quite expert . . . t listening though she didn’t listen, at sitting in other people’s lives just for a minute while they talked round her† (65). She fantasizes about reading a newspaper to an invalid gentleman snoring besides her, pretending to be on stage and believing she was a good actress. â€Å"An actress are ye? † (67) thought Miss Brill, which again shows her vanity. Although Miss Brill is a teacher and is around people in the park ever y Sunday, her detachment is revealed by her not making any actual contact with her patrons. She is always distant, reserved and aloof. The only companion she has is her fur, she â€Å"laid it on her lap and stroked it† (65). When the band started to play again, she thought the music â€Å"was warm, sunny, yet there was just a faint chill . . . , what was it? . . . , not sadnessa something that made you want to sing? †(67). Miss Brill rejects the feelings of pain and loneliness detaching herself from being hurt. As Miss Brill continues her moment of delusion, her over sensitivity is apparent when a boy and a girl suddenly come to sit ext to her, she is looking forward listening to their conversation as she thought of them as a â€Å"hero and a heroine,† (68) but to her dismay, she hears them talking about her, calling her â€Å"that stupid old thing† (68), and making fun of her favourite fur: â€Å"It’s her fu-fur . . . It’s exactly like a fried whiting† (68). Miss Brill is hurt and on her way home, she skips going to the bakery to buy her favourite treat. Instead she goes straight home, puts her fur in the box and goes into her dark, cupboard-like room. While sitting there for a long time â€Å"she heard something crying,† (68). Miss Brill is the one crying, yet she doesn’t want to face the reality of getting old and the resemblance she has with her old fur. After every denial and rejection of her pain and loneliness, Miss Brill’s reality comes in a harsh way when she hears the young couple making fun of her. Finally, she allows herself to feel the pain, hurt, and loneliness for a moment. Miss Brill’s vanity, detachment, and over sensitivity are her weapons to hide her emotional struggle of accepting the reality of becoming a spinster.

Diversity, ethics and anti discriminatory practice

Diversity, ethics and anti discriminatory practice The purpose of this learning and development plan is to understand the importance of equality, diversity and human rights in the practice of social work. I aim to indentify, recognise and respect diversity and equality using theories and ideas that will relate to why oppression, discrimination and prejudice occur in todays society. I will also write about how I am aware of my own personal prejudices and dilemmas and how I aim to challenge oppression/discrimination with the use of anti-discriminatory practices. Language is legislation, speech is its code. We do not see the power which is in speech because we forget that all speech is a classification and that all classifications are oppressive. The word Oppression in the English language means; the act of subjugating by cruelty a feeling of being oppressed kept down by unjust use of force or authority; the tyrants oppression of the people (Hyperdictionary, 2000- 2009) It is viewed differently by Feminists and by Marxists. Marxism believes that it is a class issue. They suggest women, gays or people of non-white skin should be subordinate to the Bourgeoisie, that Capitalism shapes and depends upon oppression for survival and the struggles of the oppressed cannot be carried out across all classes. The Bourgeoisie has various means to keep down the lower class (poor) by squeezing more profits from then. The working class are the oppressed class; they often have bad housing, education and therefore poor job opportunities than the middle or upper class of the Bourgeoisie. (DAmato, 1999) Marxists argue that the eradication of racism, sexism or homophobia will mean that a capitalist government will have to be overthrown; however, they will never tell the oppressed this, but will advice them that the revolution is coming and they need to wait. They see the struggle against all forms of oppression is essential to the struggle of socialism. Carl Marx the founder of Marxism ignored and downplayed oppression as he came from a privileged background. (DAmato, 1999) Radical feminists believe that women are oppressed within the patriarchal system (males are viewed as superior to females), that marriage and family are a result of capitalism. Women have a common bond with each other no matter the age, race or class. Women need to take control of their lives; they need to separate themselves from the things that have oppressed them. (Zieber, 2008) Socialist feminists say that women are oppressed because of dominance and economic inequality that every form of oppression is a feminist issue and women are a subordinate class by the power positions males have in society. (Holmstrom, 2003) I myself have experienced being oppressed by males. I live with my partner on a farm and we have people (mainly men) come to work there. Some men do not think I should not be working in a male environment, that I cannot be driving a tractor, working out in the fields or when I am quality controlling their work with the livestock. If their work is not up to the right standard I tell them, they often tell me I am wrong and try to speak to another person (a male), who then will often relay the same as what I have already said. If it persists I will speak to my manager, who then speaks to them. Culture also comes into the equation at work as they often come from a different country; therefore they have different beliefs on what work women should do. I feel disempowered and start to question myself about my work, but I carry on with my work as it is the end product which counts and people who buy the products are happy. Prejudice means a hostile attitude towards a group of people or a person, pre-judging them based on a stereotype (Billingham et al, 2008), for example a prejudice of mine is that since being made redundant from a previous job and it went over to India, I now assume that each job I have it will eventually be taken over by a person in another country. I know this may not be the case in the future. Some psychotherapists believe that prejudice is a learnt process (nurtured), an indirect view of this is an experiment by Barrett Short (1992) found that young English children aged between and 10 years had a clear preference for different European people in countries e.g. the Germans were liked the least and the French were one of the most liked. The children had decided this even if they did not know much about the people, culture or the country. Sherif (1961) researched at how prejudice is caused in society between different groups. Their aim was to investigate if intergroup conflict happens when a group competes with each other over resources which are scarce. They looked at twenty-two 11 year olds, who were well adjusted and came from a middle class home environment. The boys who were selected to take part in the experiment were sent to a summer camp in America, where they were divided into two groups not having any knowledge of the other group and were given group names; Eagles and Rattlers. The boys would then create a group bond and identity in the first week. The second week experimenters set up competitions with between the two groups, where prizes were offered to members of the winning group. The experimenters found that there were strong feelings developed between the two groups, which lead to hostility and fighting towards each group. The conclusion to this experiment was that conflict can arise from competition over prizes as these were the scarce resource (only the winning group received them). (Sherif, 1961) In 1979 Tajfel Turner developed the Social Identity Theory to understand the psychological basis of discrimination in a group. What they found was that a person can have several selves and depending on the social context it may trigger an individual to act differently, that individuals will categorize themselves, then will seek to get positive self-esteem within the group. An example of this from my past is when I was younger I used to hang out with a group, if a higher ranking group member fell out with someone of a lower rank then I would often side with the person who was higher even if I knew they were wrong, making ourselves feel good we would put the other person down, making our self-esteem greater than theirs, that way I would still be in the in-group- and not in the out-group being ostracised. To make the best of a workforce people need to know about equality and diversity, how to act within the laws of society. Everyone has the right to equal opportunities no matter their religion, sexual preference or culture at work, home or whist on the street. Equality protects people that can be discriminated against. Diversity, however, is a range of conditions or characteristics in todays society e.g. race, people need to respect individual differences. When a workforce or person embraces equality and diversity they comply with anti-discrimination legislation and they can emphasize the positive benefits e.g. they can draw on a wider talent of resources. (Skills for Business, n.d) In 1950 the European Convention on Human Rights was written to prevent the repeat of the oppression of individual rights after the 1st world war, it stated that everyone has a right to have enough food and a shelter, the United Kingdom signed the convention in 1951. Since then there have been many laws and legislations come into force against discrimination, some of which are; Equal Pay Acts 1970 1983 Prohibiting discrimination of people on the grounds of sex to pay and their terms of contract Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Prohibiting discrimination of a persons sex or their marital status. This applies to males females or if they have had gender reassignment surgery. Race Relations Act 1976 Prohibiting discrimination of race, colour, ethnic origin or nationality of a person. Amendment in 2000 There is a duty on public authorities to have due regard to eliminate unlawful discrimination and to promote equality. Disability Discrimination Act 1995 2005 Prohibiting discrimination against a disabled person. Authorities have a duty to promote equality with disability. (Bayne et al, 2010) How do I aim to challenge discrimination and promote equality my personal life and within my job role as a social worker? As a social worker I would try to empower the service user by focusing on their strengths, guiding them to reach a solution, give them the correct advice, be honest and reliable no matter what kind of background they come from. If I come into contact with someone who discriminate against another, I aim to challenge them, ask them why they feel that way, find out if there are any reasons as to why they feel that way and try to get them to think about their views and try to change them for the better. I will also think about the impact a service user will have on being excluded from a community or group, I will try to get them included back within their community by arrange for them to help out/volunteer on a local project, by being included back into the community it may help if they have any mental health issues. Word count 1560

Buddhism :: essays research papers

Buddhism 1.) The First Noble Truth - "Dukkha" A.) The First Noble Truth seems to be an intrinsic understanding that all things are impermanent. This impermanence causes us to feel frustrated when we can't hold on to people or things we think we need. This need helps us feel wanted and/or important. Dukkha can also be described as the suffering we experience and see in our lives. Unpleasant conditions such as being sick, seeing our loved ones get sick and die, getting aggravated over things our children do, losing a job, etc. cause us to experience Dukkha. The Buddha felt that this suffering was brought on by our attachment to people and things. Only by detachment and selfless acts can we become free from the unpleasantness of Dukkha. Another aspect of Dukkha deals with the belief in the importance of oneself. The Five Aggregates are the foundation of this aspect. The "I" saying "I" creates the illusion of "I" which consists of matter, sensations, perceptions, mental formations, and consciousness. These five items produce the compound being that experiences Dukkha. B.) I Believe I give significance to things or events that aren't intentionally producing Dukkha. I'm leaving my house to go to work and I happen to leave a couple of minutes late knowing that there is a possibility that I might be late. As I'm driving someone pulls in front of me and is maybe doing the speed limit. I immediately go into reaction mode. This is where I have to realize that the person in front of me is not intentionally trying to make me late for work. (not until I flash my highbeams or honk my horn) Looking at situations objectively and being more proactive can help us deal with Dukkha better. I believe the Buddha understood that "Dukkha Happens" so its how we deal with it that can cause the frustration, sadness, and suffering. C.) I have mixed feelings on the concept of Dukkha. Specifically with the element of detachment. I agree with the idea of detachment from material things but I don't agree when it comes to people. Although I believe material things come and go with memories of them fading as time goes on, I feel as people come and go through our lives, the memories of attachment stay with us embedded in our hearts as well as in our mind. (Darshana ?) The idea of everything being an illusion or Maya is tough to conceptualize. I do believe we are the thinker behind the thought. The "I" creates the illusion of who we are and how we behave.

Important Blacks in the 1980s :: essays research papers

Ronald Ervin McNair, was born on October 21, 1950, in Lake City, South Carolina to Carl and Pearl McNair. He attended North Carolina A&T State University in Greensboro, where, in 1971, he graduated magna cum laude with a BS degree in physics. In 1976 he earned his Ph.D. degree in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr. McNair's many distinctions include: Presidential Scholar (1967-71), Ford Foundation Fellow (1971-74), and National Fellowship Fund Fellow (1974-75). He was also named Omega Psi Phi Scholar of theYear (1975), was honored as the Distinguished National Scientist by the National Society of Black Professional Engineers (1979), and received the Friend Of Freedom Award (1981). Ronald E. McNair was nationally recognized for his work in the field of laser physics. In 1978, he was one of 35 applicants selected from a pool of ten thousand for NASA's space shuttle program and assigned as a mission specialist aboard the 1984 flight of the shuttle Challenger. On his first space shuttle mission in February 1984, McNair orbited the earth 122 times aboard Challenger. He was the second African American to fly in space. In addition to his academic achievements, he received three honorary doctorates and numerous fellowships and commendations. He was also a sixth degree black belt in karate and an accomplished jazz saxophonist. He was married to Cheryl Moore and had two children, Reginald Ervin and Joy Cheray. On the morning of January 28, 1986, McNair and his six crew members died in an explosion aboard the space shuttle Challenger. JESSE LOUIS JACKSON (b. Oct. 8, 1941, Greenville, S.C., U.S.), American civil-rights leader, Baptist minister, and politician, the first black man to make a serious bid for the U.S. presidency (in the Democratic Party's nomination races in 1983-84 and 1987-88). Born into a poor family, Jackson attended the University of Illinois (1959-60) on a scholarship and then transferred to the predominantly black Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina (Greensboro), receiving a B.A. in sociology (1964). He moved to Chicago in 1966, did postgraduate work at the Chicago Theological Seminary, and was ordained a Baptist minister in 1968. While an undergraduate, Jackson became involved in the black Civil Rights Movement. In 1965 he went to Selma, Alabama, to march with Martin Luther King, Jr., and became a worker in King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). In 1966 he helped found the Chicago branch of Operation Breadbasket, the economic arm of the SCLC, and served as the organization's national director from 1967 to 1971.

Radiation Dose In Pediatric Cranial Health And Social Care Essay

In the past two decennaries, the figure of encephalon computed imaging scrutiny has increased quickly. This is in big portion due to progresss in multidetector CT engineering, which allows faster image acquisition and improved image quality. The increased usage in CT surveies has led to a significantly increased radiation dosage to the patient. However, about one tierce of CT encephalons scrutinies in the paediatric group are non pertinent to the diagnosing and direction. These show that it is non the best trial for the kids. Comparing with grownups, kids are more variety meats radiosensitive to radiation ; they will hold longer life clip hazard to confront cancerous alterations induced by radiation. In response to increasing concern for patient radiation protection, we should utilize the right proficient parametric quantities to protect the kids from inordinate and unneeded radiation dosage for these by CT scan. To cut down the radiation dosage, the doctors and radiotherapists shoul d ever conscious to cut down CT scan radiation dosage for kids. Furthermore, we can develop some appropriate schemes to optimise scanning patterns based on the age, clinical indicants and organic structure size of the patients. Undertaking aims and significance ( Max. 1 page: State the intent of the proposed survey, place cardinal issues and jobs being addressed, province possible result in footings of its relevancy, significance and value ) The intent of this survey is to look into the consequence of dose decrease in different parametric quantity used in the Brain CT scan. In the visible radiation of addition the usage of encephalon CT scrutiny, dose decrease while maintain the CT diagnostic value and image quality is a ambitious undertaking. Since a figure of issues are related to CT radiation, they have become more outstanding as usage has increased. The issues concerns about the part of CT to a comparatively big radiation dosage to the populace. Furthermore, kids have more organ radiosensitive than grownups and they have a longer lifetime hazard radiation-induced malignant neoplastic disease. Therefore, we should do accommodation of paediatric CT parametric quantities based on the size or part of involvement to be scanned. On the other manus, the decrease of radiation dosage to cranial CT may depend on many factors such as replacing of CT usage, by utilizing other mode ( MRI or ultrasound ) which have less radiation dosage, lessening in the figure of CT surveies requested. The aim of this survey is to find whether a lower radiation dosage technique could be used for paediatric cranial CT without impacting the diagnostic value and image quality in the scrutiny. Reviewing the literature and compare the approximative equivalent dosage to relevant organ ( mSv ) , I find that the protocol scenes in planing for kids and grownups are about the same. The radiation decrease can be about 50 % reduced by altering some parametric quantities. Therefore, the CT protocol scenes in cranial CT used for grownups should non be used for kids. It is the clip we should alter the attitude and face the job how to cut down the radiation dosage in CT engineering for kids. The CT makers, doctors, radiotherapists and radiographer besides portion the duty to keep an appropriate balance between radiation dosage and diagnostic image quality. Background ( Max. 2 pages: A clear, comprehensive and up-to-date but concise reappraisal of the literature ; sum up and give cardinal mentions on related work, including old and alternate attacks to the jobs ) CT is a various diagnostic process and it can give high diagnostic output. However, CT scanning comprises about 15 % of the radiological scrutiny and represents the largest beginning ( about 70 % ) of radiation dosage to the patient.1, 9 The usage of CT encephalon in kids is increasing in the past two decennaries. Indeed, CT induced radiation dosage is comparatively high compared with other imaging technique. The hazard for paediatric patients to develop long term biological effects following exposure to ionising radiation is higher than that for grownups because their cells, tissues and variety meats have a higher radiosentivity and they have a longer clip to live.2,11 The European Commission ( EC ) states that & amp ; acirc ; ˆ?radiation exposure in the first 10 old ages of life is estimated to hold a hazard about 4 times greater than exposure incurred at 30-40 old ages of age for some damaging effects & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢.3 Give the recent attending to radiation hazards, the radiation dosage of cranial CT in kids and the demand for accommodations in parametric quantities to the populace, we should understand more about existent pattern of cranial CT in paediatric patients. Most CT Centre merely follows the recommended scenes of the makers, but these may non the best appropriate scenes for the patient. For paediatric cranial CT, there is no consensus about the optimal scene in different infirmaries. To understand a patient receives how much of the radiation dosage in a peculiar scan, one must hold cognition of the methods of dose measuring. Radiation dosage is influenced by the radiation quality, the geometry of the scanner, the sensor type and the current transition of the tube.10 Dose increases nonlinearly with an addition in tube electromotive force but will diminish the image noise. Typically, an addition in kVp from 120 to 140kVp will increase the dose by about 47 % . The incursion is improved and an about 70 % higher dosage reaches the sensor. But in some articles, informations suggest that kVp every bit low as 80 kVp can besides supply acceptable image quality in neonates.4 Milliamperes ( ma ) and gantry rotary motion rhythm clip ( in seconds ) are combined to supply a step of radiation normally known as the tubing current ( ma ) . A additive relationship exists between tubing current and the radiation dosage. By cutting down the ma half, the patient exposure can be reduced by 50 % while maintaining the same noise degree and image quality. Cohnen et Al besides studied CT dosage in paediatric cranial CT and concluded that a 40 % decrease was possible.7 Chan et Al performed CT in kids aged 1-12 old ages with several different milliampere 2nd valleies and he found that a 40 % decrease in milliampere seconds could be used in paediatric cranial CT.2,8 Section thickness and table velocity besides affect dosage. The faster table velocity and thicker piece should be selected based on the scan indicant. In general, most paediatric CT scan can be performed at a pitch of 1.5.5,6,12 Adjustment in piece thickness and pitch demand to be balanced against the possible loss in spacial declaration from the increased image noise. Multiple dose descriptions have been used in the past. Presently, the Computed Tomography Dose Index ( CTDI ) , along with its discrepancies, and the Dose Length Product ( DLP ) are the standard parametric quantities used to depict CT associated radiation dosage. Radiation dose CTDI is measured in milligrays as displayed on the CT proctor every bit good as DLP which are calculated by the CT machine automatically. Increase the tube electromotive force from 120kVp to 140kVp additions the CT dosage index ( CTDI ) by a factor of 1.4, but decrease the tubing electromotive force to 80kVp lowers the CTDI by a factor of about 2.2.13 We can measure the paediatric cranial CT protocol and happen the CT radiation dosage that is recommended to be every bit low as moderately accomplishable. Hence, we need to unite different attacks sing to CT dose decrease. In add-on, the refering parties including doctors, radiotherapists and radiographers must take the duty to keep an appropriate balance in scanning parametric quantities, diagnostic image quality and radiation dosage. Long term schemes is desperately set up that include encouraging development and acceptance of paediatric CT protocols, educating working staff through diary publications and conferences within and outside the radiology fortes, carry oning farther research to find the relationship between CT quality and dosage. We besides customize CT scanning for single kids to optimise exposure scenes and to measure the demand for CT in an single patient. Methodology ( soap. 2 pages: including research design, program, stuffs, methods and cardinal mentions ) The survey will be carried out in CT scan room at the Radiology Department of the Princess Margaret Hospital. A entire figure of 100 paediatric patients aged under 15 old ages for encephalon CT scan during January to June 2011 by indiscriminately selected as topics of this survey. Before informations aggregation, the survey will acquire the blessing from the Department Manager Mr. Fung and so explicate to all CT radiographers to acquire their full cooperation in the survey. Furthermore, the process will be explained to each patient and their parents in order to obtain their permission in the survey. The patients will split into two groups, one is control group and the others are study group. Brain CT scan will be done by utilizing paediatric CT scan protocol in the control group. We can measure the radiation dosage by altering the exposure parametric quantities in the survey group. Brain CT scan was done utilizing 64-section CT scanner GE lightspeed VCT machine. Image obtained utilizing a multi-slice axial computed imaging system of 5mm piece thickness without automatic choice of effectual ma. Scaning parametric quantities that affect radiation dosage include peak kilovoltage, tubing current, pitch etc. Therefore, the survey group will be divided into 3 parts. The first portion is to compare the different kVp ( 80kVp, 100kVp and 120kVp ) to the image quality while other puting kept at a changeless scene. The 2nd portion is to compare the different tubing current ( 100mAs and 120 ma ) and the 3rd portion is to compare the different pitch ( 1 and 1.5 ) . All CTDI and Dose-Length P roduct will be recorded after the scrutiny. I will ask for two radiotherapists Dr. Yung and Dr. Lam to reexamine the movies in a double-blinded mode by utilizing 6 inquiries assessment strategy. Question 1-5 are refering about radiation dosage and image quality for visualising defined anatomical constructions. The anatomical construction chosen for reappraisal included: ( Q1 ) border of the sidelong ventricles, ( Q2 ) the basilar arteria in the prepontine cistern, ( Q3 ) internal capsules, ( Q4 ) ambient cistern, ( Q5 ) gray-white distinction at the degree of 4th ventricles. The inquiry 6 will inquire the radiotherapists grade of assurance in doing a diagnosing. A 5-point marking system will be used for rating. Indicate 5 means the anatomical construction can clearly be visualized and the assurance degree in making a diagnosing are about 90 % or above. Indicate 4 agencies visual image and assurance are about 70 % . Point 3,4 and 5 are about 50 % , 30 % and less than 10 % severally. Consistency of marking will be assessed by giving 40 scans to the two radiotherapists. The average tonss given to these 6 inquiries during the first and 2nd reading will be compared. Statistical analysis will set about utilizing assurance interval ( CI ) and hypothesis testing, as expressed by P values. The assurance interval can demo the deficiency of preciseness in the estimation of involvement and therefore conveyed more utile information than the P value which are merely a quantitative value. For each reader, 95 % CI and a two sample t-test will execute to compare the average value of the tonss for each inquiry between the two groups. For inquiry 6, this assessed the radiotherapists & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢ assurance degree, farther distribution of tonss between the two groups. Dependability trials to measure intra-reader understanding in hiting the movies were besides carried out by utilizing 95 % CI and paired t-test. Analysis was facilitated by the usage of commercially available computing machine statistics plan SPSS ver.1.7.